Human Geography: China Seeks Even Cheaper Labor

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Living in the United States it has been a given for many years that so many of our goods are being manufactured in China. As a classroom activity my students often look at the “Made in…” labels of our clothing and the manufacturing stamps on goods, without question China is in the lead for most times mentioned. The reality is that China has been in its “Golden Era” of industrial growth long enough that they have started to see some of the long term benefits come to pass. Their GDP per capita has grown as well as the average standard of life.

As economic conditions improve in China so do the expectations of their workers. They are beginning to demand higher wages and better working conditions. Chinese manufacturers are realizing that their employees are starting to request the same things that American workers demanded generations ago. Just as American manufacturing started to do in the 1970s the Chinese manufacturers are looking to send jobs to other parts of the world with cheaper labor.

I recently read an article in Bloomberg News about a Chinese shoe company that has set up a factory in Ethiopia. The company did not attempt to hide that they specifically set up an operation there because of the remarkably low wages the Ethiopian workers would accept. The average monthly salary in the shoe factory was approximately $40 a month. In contrast, the average factory worker in China gained over ten times that amount.

While the lure of cheap labor may cause some Chinese companies to relocate their operations it will not be smooth roads to achieving success. Smooth roads are actually part of the problem, or more specifically the lack of smooth roads. The Chinese manufacturers that have already moved to Ethiopia have had numerous issues with transportation and their profits have been seriously damaged as a result. There is mounting pressure on the Ethiopian government to commit money to infrastructure to draw in foreign investment, as is often the case in the African countries they must now choose between immediate relief for humanitarian struggles or temporarily ignore these issues in an attempt to build a long term solution through economic growth.

Human Geography: Contagious Diffusion for a Good Cause

A few weeks ago I wrote a post warning about the growing threat of Ebola in West Africa and that it had the potential to spread rapidly through contagious diffusion. While the threat of Ebola persists I wanted to take a moment to acknowledge a positive form of contagious diffusion, the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge.

Over the past few weeks celebrities, athletes, average citizens, a former President, and even I have taken the Ice Bucket Challenge. The objective is to challenge people to donate $100 to the ALS Association or dump a bucket of ice cold water on their head and donate at least $10. It has grown wildly successful and has increased typical donations to the organization by 400% compared to this same time period last year. Social media has allowed this fundraiser to go viral and not only increase funds but awareness for the cause.

There is one aspect of this that I did find a bit concerning, perfectly fine water is being wasted when there are so many people in the world dying due to lack of access to safe drinking water. In hopes of offsetting my personal impact on the water supply, I made a matching donation to water.org and encourage others to do the same.

Human Geography: The Declining and Aging Population of Japan

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Japan is home of the world’s third largest economy, trailing only the United States and China, and has been viewed as the ultimate success story following the devastation of World War II. They managed to transform a war battered country into a technological pioneer with a remarkably high standard of living. Japan has been held up as a model for the poor world to follow in their pursuit of development. For the past half century it has been rare to hear negative news as it relates to the future prospects of the East Asian power which makes their current population trend even more alarming.

The current fertility rate in Japan is 1.4, one of the lowest rates on Earth and well below the 2.1 threshold needed to maintain a population at a stable level. Many women are choosing to not marry and have children because they prefer to pursue careers and challenge traditional gender roles. Once women marry they are expected to give up their jobs and take care of the home and family. Given the option of being glorified maids or using their higher educations to achieve financial independence, they are choosing to work. Adding to the issue is the lack of child care available to mothers who would like to return to work. Not only are child care options limited, but if they can find one the costs are ridiculously high. Continue reading Human Geography: The Declining and Aging Population of Japan

Human Geography: Contagious Diffusion of Ebola in West Africa

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One of the most critical concepts in human geography is how things spread through a population and from to place, also known as diffusion. While there are several different types of diffusion the one that is studied most is contagious diffusion, which has almost the same exact definition but with one critical word added, rapid. The examples most often used to understand contagious diffusion are a wildfire burning out of control or, as is happening right now in West Africa, the spread of a disease faster than can be contained or treated. The current outbreak of Ebola is the largest in history and the fear is that it will only continue to grow.

Several factors have contributed to the rapid growth of the crisis:

  • A lack of proper medical facilities to identify and treat those infected.
  • The early stages of Ebola seem like a standard flu often delaying treatment.
  • A mortality rate in some cases as high as 90%.
  • Some rural villages refuse to accept that the disease has hit them and often resist outside help.

The final factor that has allowed the disease to spread throughout the region is improved transportation. As people travel they bring the disease with them spreading the infection. Currently the countries most impacted are: Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone but the ticking time bomb is Nigeria with the 7th largest population on Earth. A few days ago an Ebola infected man flew from Liberia to the capital city of Lagos. Once he arrived at the airport he was detained and quarantined at a local hospital where he later died. The primary concern is that over 100 passengers on that flight were not identified and allowed to move freely throughout the city and into other parts of the country. If any of them were infected it has the potential to become a catastrophic tipping point for all of West Africa.

Human Geography: Economic Development Alternative to the World Bank?

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Last week political leaders from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America gathered in Brazil for an important global event that was not the World Cup. It was a meeting between the heads of state from Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, collectively referred to as the BRICS. These countries were not thrown together randomly for the sake of creating an acronym that sounds intimidating, they have been placed in a group because they are considered the emerging markets, this means that they are transitioning from being part of the poor world to increasing their level of economic development. The BRICS have seen their role in the global economy grow for a variety of reasons: Brazil and South Africa as regional leaders, Russia as a resource center for Europe, India for its growing role in communications and as the future home of the largest population on Earth, and lastly China as the manufacturing center of the world.

The BRICS Summit achieved a major agreement between the five countries, the establishment of the New Development Bank that will be headquartered in Shanghai. The main objective of the bank will be to provide an alternative to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund for countries looking to borrow money and invest in development and infrastructure. The BRICS see the new bank as vital to economic growth for the poor world as it would shift power away from the US and Western Europe who have dominated the global flow of money for centuries.

One of the key elements required for success on the AP® Human Geography Exam is being able to identify the differences that exist between the less developed world and the rich world. One of the common themes for this course is that as living standards improve in parts of the poor world and globalization emphasizes their role in the world economy, the power and influence of the less developed regions increase. As a human geography student it is critical to analyze the economic and political factors that make the BRICS desire to reach equal footing as the traditional powers. Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa see the establishment of the New Development Bank as an immediate and critical step towards leveling the playing field with the rich world.

Human Geography Migration Patterns: Brain Drain in the Poor World

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While listening to the radio a few days ago, I heard an interview with a doctor considered to be one of the top specialists in treating and researching blood cancers. He spoke about his cutting edge research, the gains that have been made against certain blood disorders and his hopes to someday find a cure for all blood cancers. I found this interview to be remarkable and had not realized how much progress has already been made in treating people with leukemia. This interview particularly caught my attention as one of my closest friends passed away due to non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma at the age of 24.

While his medical research was clearly the most important thing that he spoke of, an off-hand comment was made about how the doctor had been highly interested in the World Cup, as he was originally from Uruguay. This immediately made me think of one of the critical concepts that we cover during the migration unit of human geography, brain drain. Brain drain is defined as the large scale immigration of talented people. These talented people will typically leave the poor world seeking job opportunities, wealth, and access to better support systems in their field of study.

While it is understandable for them to make the decision to leave their current situation and seek a better life in countries like the United States, there is a part of the conversation that is often neglected. What about the hole they left in their home country? Often these countries are lacking in their ability to provide medical attention to their people. If the top research universities in the rich world are poaching their best doctors, what will happen to the quality of treatment back home? The reality with brain drain is that the poor world’s loss becomes the rich world’s gain.

 

Human Geography At Home: A Demographic Trend of One

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When my daughter was born on July 16, 2014 she contributed to multiple population trends in the United States.

As a Human Geography teacher one of the main issues I must focus on throughout the course is population growth. We constantly look at population numbers and focus on the amount of resources that will be necessary to maintain an adequate standard of living. Some parts of the world have population growth they can sustain due to economic development, others located in the less developed countries can’t provide for the current population, much less a rapidly growing one. Today my focus on population growth is less about long term survival but more so about how one child can fit into the general patterns. The reason I’m focusing on this particular element is because my wife and I welcomed our third child into the world today.

Total fertility rate (TFR) is defined as the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years. The current TFR in the United States is 2.01, lower than what is considered the replacement rate of 2.1 to achieve zero population growth or when a population maintains itself at the current level. This being our third child my wife has exceeded the average and ever so slightly nudged our population growth rate upward. My newborn daughter also counts towards another statistic, the crude birth rate. Crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of children below the age of 1 out of the average 1000 people in a population, in the United States the current CBR is 13.42.

My daughter has also contributed to a significant demographic trend, the increasing minority population. My family background is Cuban and my wife’s family is of Colombian origin, making us part of the largest minority group in the country, Hispanics. In 2012 the Census Bureau put out a report stating that, for the first time in US history, white births accounted for less than half of all children born the previous year. This trend is only expected to accelerate in the future as the white population is on average significantly older than the Hispanic population.

As the proud parent of three beautiful and healthy children I see my family as a blessing that I cherish every day. At the same time, as a human geographer I must constantly remind myself to take a step back and analyze events, people, my family, and even myself in terms of the overall makeup of society.

Human Geography: Lebron James Reverses Current Migration Trend

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Lebron James announced today that he would be leaving the Miami Heat to sign a free agent contract with the Cleveland Cavaliers. I happened to be with a group of friends that were predominantly Heat fans but included somebody from Ohio. While the South Floridians bemoaned the loss of the most talented basketball player on the planet my friend who is originally from Sandusky, Ohio rejoiced that Lebron was “coming home.”

While they discussed the athletic implications for both teams I immediately thought about the move in human geography terms. What I found most surprising was that he was going against the current internal migration patterns evident in the United States. The “Rust Belt,” the Great Lakes with a historical tradition of manufacturing, has been rapidly losing population to the “Sun Belt” in recent years. Some of the reasons for this population shift include: retirees moving to areas with warmer climates, increased employment opportunities in the South, and the closing of factories as manufacturing jobs increasingly get transferred to countries like China where labor costs are significantly less. Lebron James even alluded to the challenges faced by the people of northeast Ohio and stated that he felt an obligation to help build up the community and local economy. While he tries to help revive a region that has struggled in recent years, he can rest assured knowing that he and his family have already taken a small step to reverse one negative trend for the people of the “Rust Belt,” he moved there.

Urbanization: Maximizing Land Use in New York City

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A Little League Baseball Field in the Shadow of a Power Plant in New York City.

I recently visited New York City for the wedding celebration of a close friend of mine. While there, I took advantage and visited my cousin and his family in Manhattan. His sons were on summer vacation and spending most of their time at a local baseball camp. One afternoon my cousin and I walked over to the park where the camp was being held to pick them up, on our way there my cousin referred to it as Con Ed Field. For those reading this blog that are not from the New York area, Con Ed is the power company for New York City. I was under the impression that Con Ed was the primary sponsor of the field and had made a large donation to slap their name on a sign at the park.

 

What I saw once we reached Con Ed Field left me amazed, it was a natural gas power plant, with a baseball field attached. Con Ed had given up part of its land area to create an athletic facility for the local community. I grew up thinking that little league baseball parks were always a part of a larger park or attached to open fields. In this case the ball field was located in the shadows of smoke stacks and energy production.

 

When most people think of New York City and using every inch of available land, the immediate thought that comes to mind is skyscrapers. While this is the most common way that land is maximized in New York, many facilities, like baseball fields, need to be built outward. When there isn’t enough land available for outward growth, people will get creative. In this case, Con Ed gave up part of the parking lot so that local children would have a place to play sports.

 

Making the issue of land availability even more difficult to deal with is the increasing value of land in Manhattan. If a company owns a city block they have almost no incentive to build something for the community and instead choose to maximize profits by building office spaces or housing. Building a park in a city like New York means that one is making a conscious decision to only make a fraction of the money possible or in most circumstances lose money.

 

So the next time you are in New York City, feel free to take pictures of the iconic skyscrapers like the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, and the Freedom Tower but also make note of any open spaces or parks in the area, as each of these are potentially worth billions of dollars.

Human Geography: It’s OK to say “I Don’t Know”

I recently started reading “Think Like a Freak,” the newest book co-authored by Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner. It is the third book in a series they started in 2005 with “Freakonomics” and followed up in 2009 with “Superfreakonomics.” For years I have raved to family, friends, my students, and just about anybody that would listen to me about the cutting edge thinking these gentlemen were sharing with the world. Their ultimate goal is to discover the hidden incentives that cause people to make decisions and unintended consequences that can happen as a result of what would normally be considered unrelated events.

One of the earliest chapters in their latest book focuses on the importance of three simple words: I DON’T KNOW. So often in life people will pretend to know an answer they simply don’t know, or can’t possibly know. What is their motivation? Are they afraid to admit weakness? If they are in a situation where they are surrounded by their professional peers are they more likely to “fake it?” The reality is admitting you don’t know something takes a great deal of strength and confidence. It shows that you are able to identify a shortcoming and hopefully are willing to engage it and remedy it. Continue reading Human Geography: It’s OK to say “I Don’t Know”

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